SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
1.
Definition
Ø Research
definition : A broad definition of research is given by Martin Shuttleworth -
"In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes
any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of
knowledge."
"Research
is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our
understanding of a topic or issue".
Ø Science
definition : The word science comes from the Latin "scientia,"
meaning knowledge.
Ø Scientific Research Definition :
ü
“Scientific
research is defined by the strategy of understanding how everything works
through logical thinking or knowledge.”
ü A
detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information
or reach a (new) understanding about the knowledge. Cambridge Dictionaries
Online, © Cambridge University Press 2003.
ü The
detailed study of something in order to discover new facts, especially in a
university or scientific institution. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 2002
ü Process
of searching for (general) answers in any field of study, or the solution of
just one particular problem
2. Purpose of the Scientific research
All scientific research seeks to
answer questions. Scientific questions ask how or why something happens. The
answers to these questions help broaden our understanding of how the world
works; however, most scientists consider the answers they get through research
to be theoretical or probable rather than absolute fact. This allows for
differences of opinion in the scientific community as well as helps scientists
keep their minds open. As new discoveries are made, scientists change their
beliefs about how something works.
Ultimately, the objective of scientific
research is to understand the world in which we live. Scientific research
demands a detailed examination of a phenomenon.
Another
purposes :
ü
Making a rigorous and relevant
contribution to knowledge.
ü
Pure scientific research : is about explaining the world around
us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out
what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the
explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers
and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence.
ü
Applied
scientific research : The purpose of research is about testing theories, often
generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, Applied
scientific research can be about finding out the answer to a specific problem.
3. The different of Scientific
Research with Non-Scientific Research
Scientific
research refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring
new knowledge or correcting and integrating previous knowledge consist of
collection of data through observation and experimentation and formulation and
testing of hypothesis.
Non scientific research is investigating about human society and of individual relationships in and to society. It consists of data through observation and presume relations among natural phenomena.
Non scientific research is investigating about human society and of individual relationships in and to society. It consists of data through observation and presume relations among natural phenomena.
Scientific
research : Focuses on solving problems and pursues a step-by-step logical,
organized, and rigorous method to identify the problems, collect data, analyze
and draw valid conclusions.
Penelitian Ilmiah : Menggunakan kaidah-kaidah ilmiah
(Mengemukakan pokok-pokok pikiran, menyimpulkan dengan melalui prosedur yang
sistematis dengan menggunakan pembuktian ilmiah / meyakinkan.
Penelitian
non ilmiah : Tidak menggunakan metode
atau kaidah-kaidah ilmiah.
Penelitian
ilmiah adalah penelitiian yang mengkaji suatu masalah dengan sistematik dan
objektif, serta berpedoman pada teori
yang telah dihasilkan oleh peneliti-peneliti sebelumnya yang bertujuan untuk
menyempurnakan teori yang telah ada mengenai masalah yang dikaji.Sedangkan Penelitian Non Ilmiah adalah penelitian yang
dalam mengkaji suatu permasalahan dimana data yang didapatkan bersifat tidak
sistematik dan subjektif (emosi dan perasaan).
Terdapat perbedan yang cukup
mencolok antara penelitian ilmiah dan penelitiian non ilmiah.Hal inidpat
dilihat dari data yang didapatkan dan bagaimana cara mengumpulkan data-data
tersebut.Dalam penelitian ilmiah data disusun secara sistematis, logis dan
bersifat empiris.Selain itu cara pengumpulan data bersifat objektif tanpa
menghiraukan subjektif.Sedangkan dalam penelitian non ilmiah, data disusun
tidak menggunakan metode atau kaidah-kaidah ilmiah.selain itu cara pengumpulan
data bersifat subjektif yang mengandung unsur emosi dan perasaan peneliti.
4.
Characteristics of the
Scientific research
ü Include
a problem that need a solution or a question that need an answer.
ü Should
achieve a general objective rather than a personal objective
ü Should
follow the scientific approach that characterized by order and control.
ü It
should add new information through: New facts that was not known before.Validates
results of previous research. Tests theories. Explains findings of a previous
research. Find out new relationships among present phenomena.
ü Aim :
The purpose of scientific research is clear
ü Rigor
: Based on good theoretical base and methodology,
ü Testability
: Test theoretical model by simulation or experiment
ü Replicability
: The same relationship stands repeatedly under the same design parameters
ü Precision and Confidence
Precision
refers to closeness of the findings to reality
Confidence
refers to the probability that our estimations are correct
ü Objectivity
Conclusions
drawn from the analysis of data must be objective
Proven
from trend in data
Supported
by theoretical model
ü Generalizability
Scope
of applicability
ü Parsimony
Simplicity
in explaining the phenomena or problem
Assumptions
are critical
Minimize
the dependant variable
While the content, always consists
of:
à Title
à Author
à Abstract
The
abstract is summary of the report, including the question investigated, the
methods used, the principal results and conclusions.
Offers
a complete but selective summary of most significant ideas and information
Uses
clear, precise wording (increase precision through successive revisions)
Accurately
reflects the paper's organization, emphasis, and content on a very small scale.
Why
do we write abstracts? Abstracts are a quick way for readers to understand your
research project. Thus, readers can assess the relevance of your work to their
own simply by reading your abstract.
à Introduction
The
introduction is a brief section (no more than 1 page usually) designed to
inform the reader of the relevance of your research and includes a short
history or relevant background that leads to a statement of the problem that is
being addressed. Introductions usually follow a funnel style, starting
broadly and then narrowing. They funnel from something known, to something
unknown, to the question the paper is asking.
à Review of
Literature
Provides an extensive search of the
literature to discover what is known about the subject to date. This also
includes how the search of the literature was conducted.
à Methods
The
Methods section chronologically describes the process you undertook to complete
the research. The method is written as a process description, not as a lab
manual procedure. Be precise, complete, and concise: include only relevant
information—no unnecessary details, anecdotes, excuses, or confessions.
ü Details
experimental procedures
ü Describes
techniques for tracking functional variables (timing, temperature, humidity, etc.)
And rational for tracking those variables
ü Explains
analytical techniques used
à Results
The
Results section DESCRIBES but DOES NOT INTERPRET the major findings of your
experiment. Present the data using graphs and tables to reveal any trends that
you found. Describe these trends to the reader. The presentation of data may be
either chronological, to correspond with the Methods, or in the order of most
to least importance. If you make good use of your tables and graphs, the
results can be presented briefly in several paragraphs.
à Discussion
What's the Discussion?
Interpretation.
This
section offers your interpretations and conclusions about your findings. How do
your results relate to the goals of the study, as stated in your introduction,
and how do they relate to the results that might have been expected from
background information obtained in lectures, textbooks, or outside reading?
This is your chance to demonstrate your ability to synthesize, analyze,
evaluate, interpret, and reason effectively. You do NOT need to bring in
theories to explain your ideas beyond what you have learned in class. Your
readers are looking for well-supported opinions, not for leaps of fancy or mere
repetitions of your findings, so you will need to think carefully about your
findings in order to draw conclusions that are neither too narrow nor too
broad.
à Conclussion
The conclusions presented in the paper are those supported
by the data. They also reflect the original purpose for the paper from the
introduction. Researchers often answer a few questions, but raise several more
to pursue in future research projects.
à
Acknowledgments
A place to list, publicly thank or acknowledge the people
who helped in the preparation of the paper. Reviewers, typists, other
researchers or inspiration for writing may be acknowledged.
à References
References
should include an extensive list of relevant studies discovered reviewing the
literature. Ideally key older studies are included along with current, newer
ones.
à Appendices
5.
How to make Scientific Research?
1. Initiation : Fix topics or problems
2. Research stage I
Survey
Defining the problem
Making a research plan
3.
Research stage II
Problem solving stage
4.
Research stage III
Oral presentation
Writing a report
Data arrangement
5.
Research stage IV
Publication
Patent or
product
Generally,
research is understood to follow a certain structural process.
Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the
following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and
applied:
1.
Observations
and Formation of the topic: Consists of the subject area of one
interest and following that subject area to conduct subject related research.
The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast
amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the
researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is
advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to
already existing knowledge about the topic.
2.
Hypothesis: A
testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more
variables.
4.
Operational
definition: Details in regards to defining the variables and how
they will be measured/assessed in the study.
5.
Gathering of data:
Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering
information from and/or about these samples by using specific research
instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and
reliable.
6.
Analysis of data:
Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data in order to draw
conclusions about it.
7.
Data
Interpretation: This can be represented through tables,
figures and pictures, and then described in words.
6.
Types
or Scientific Research
There are two main types of
scientific research :
a.
Pure
(Fundamental) Scientific Research
Some science, often referred to as
‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand
how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there
without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a
direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to
understand the underlying principles of existence.
Whilst offering no direct benefits,
pure research often has indirect benefits, which can contribute greatly to the
advancement of humanity.
For example, pure research into the
structure of the atom has led to x-rays, nuclear power and silicon chips.
this research has characteristics:
§ Advances
fundamental knowledge
§ Concerned
with knowledge that is ”irrefutable“
§ Contributes
largely to theory formation
§ The
stuff that applied research is built upon
b. Applied Scientific Research
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific
questions that help humanity or to serve the man’s needs, or Applied
research is designed to solve practical problems. For example, medical research,
industrial research and academic research. Such research generally takes a
specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.
The purpose of research is about testing theories, often
generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing
more than just abstract principles. or the goal of the applied
scientist is to improve the human condition .
Applied scientific research can be about finding out the
answer to a specific problem, such as ‘Is global warming avoidable?’ or ‘Does a
new type of medicine really help the patients?’
The characteristics of
applied research is:
>
Concerned with the application of
knowledge
>
Solving particular problems
>
Applied research has direct
applicability to the real world
This
types can use any research methods, like:
a. Qualitative
or Quantitative research methods
b. Experimental
Research method
c. Descriptive
(exploratory) research method
d. Explanatory
research method
e. Predictive
research method
7. Who, when and where people make or
need Scientific Research?
It
is depends on the situation and needs.
Scientific
Research can make by Doctors (for medical research), students (for academic
research), scientists, and etc.
8. Example
There
are many kinds of Scientific research forms :
a)
Scientific research Proposal
ü Title page
ü Abstract
It summarizes the research to be
done. It also highlights the key aspects of the research and time line.
ü Introduction
Emphasize the importance of the
proposed research and describe the research topic or theme. This is
usually done in one or two paragraphs. It should be stated in the introduction
whether a relationship exists between the proposed research and research
undertaken before
ü Literature Review
A
short literature review
is an important part of a scientific research proposal. It sets the foundation
of research and explains what makes the research in a particular area
beneficial.
ü Technical Discussion
Technical discussion makes the crux
of the scientific research proposal. It encompasses the conceptual framework of
the research, its objectives, methodology, data collection and analysis,
research design, schedule, human and financial resources needed etc.
ü Legal Requirements
A section of legal or contract requirements
must be present in a scientific research proposal. It must emphasize the
ethical considerations and any licensing or rights required during the course
of the research.
b)
Scientific research paper
à Title
à Author
à Abstract
à Introduction
à Review of Literature
à Methods
à Results
à Discussion
à Conclussion
à Acknowledgments
à References
à Appendices
c)
Scientific research Article
à Title
à Introduction
à Materials
and methods
à Results
à Discussion
à Conclussion
Example :
d)
Scientific research Poster
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