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Sabtu, 23 Februari 2013

SPeakiNG IV

SEMINAR PRESENTATION


SEMINAR

A.    What is Seminar?

Seminar is, generally, a form of academic instruction, either at an academic institution or offered by a commercial or professional organization. It has the function of bringing together small groups for recurring meetings, focusing each time on some particular subject, in which everyone present is requested to actively participate.(Wikipedia)
Seminar [ˈsɛmɪˌnɑː]
1.      (Social Science / Education) a small group of students meeting regularly under the
guidance of a tutor, professor, etc., to exchange information, discuss theories, etc.
2.   (Social Science / Education) one such meeting or the place in which it is held
3.   (Social Science / Education) a higher course for postgraduates
4.   Any group or meeting for holding discussions or exchanging information
(English Dictionary)
A seminar is a lecture or presentation delivered to an audience on a particular topic or set of topics that are educational in nature. It is usually held for groups of 10-50 individuals. A seminar is frequently held at a hotel meeting space or within an office conference room. 

            Seminar is formal presentation by one or more experts in which the attendees are encouraged to discuss the subject matter.

( http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/seminar.html#ixzz1pX6zTq2K)


B.     Why/When People Need This Skill?
Why people need this skill? That is because seminar designed to:
1. Review and increase their understanding of the specific topics tested.
2. Improve their ability to communicate that understanding to the grader.
3. Increase the effectiveness with which they use the limited examination time.
When People Need This Skill?
Seminar can be presented when we all in the university or college and when we all in the commercial or professional organization. In university the participants must not beginners field under discussion but the participants of seminar are generally reserved for upper class students. In some universities in the world, for example is in American Universities, the term of seminar refers to a course of intense study relating to the student's major and generally more specific in topic of study. In European universities, a seminar may be large lecture course, especially when conducted by a renewed thinker.
When we in the commercial or professional organization, seminar can be presented to describe a commercial event (though sometimes free to attend).



C.    Preparation Needs in Seminar
Part I Preparing Presentation
Step 1:
            Know the context of presentation: Who are tha audience, and what are their interest? How big will audience be? How long is the presentation to be? What facilities are available for visual aids? What about time for questions?
Step 2:
            Decide on your topic. Think carefully about the main point or points that you want to communicate. You should be able to write these clearly in the one or two sentences.
Step 3:
            Structure the content. Most people begin with an unordered collection of ideas and then put them into sequence. Then decide on the relative weight of each section of the talk.
Step 4:
            Think of ways of catching the listeners’ interest: examples, anecdotes, impressive statistics, interesting quotations.
Step 5:
            It is useful to ‘rough-draft’ visual aids at this stage, because they can help you make the sequence of points more clear and logical. Think about whether some information should be put into handouts.


Step 6:
            Check overall length, and the relative weight of sections. A little too short is better than even a little too long. As a rough guide, allow about 1 minute for every 100 words, plus time if necessary for changing transparencies. One A4 page, double-spaced, takes about 3 minutes of speaking time.


Step 7:
            Finish preparation of visual aids. If you are using PowerPoint data projection, having slides or transparencies available is a useful in back-up in case of last-minute technical problems.
Step 8:
            Prepare handouts, if you want them. Make copies.
Step 9:
            Plan the exact words you will use for the opening, the transition points, and the conclusion. Practise them again and again. If you are anxious, write on cards the introductory and concluding sentences. Make more notes if you need them.
Step 10:
            Rehearse your presentation, as often as necessary. Do not omit this step! You can practice alone, or ask a friend or colleagues to listen to you. With practice, you will become more fluent and at ease. Make sure you speak simply, but in academic not conversational style. Project your voice across the room. You will find this slows your speech. Check the timing carefully and make adjustments if necessary. Mark a time reference at one or two points in the presentation.
Step 11:
            Think about thew questions the audience may want to ask you. Plan how you will answer them.
Step 12:
            On the day of your presentation, be calm and organized. If you are unfamiliar with the location, go beforehand to plan where you will stand and where you will put your papers and to see how the projection works. Arrive in good time for your presentation. Remember to take all your visual aids, notes and papers.
            If you feel nervous, do not worry. That’s normal. Breathe slowly and deeply for a few minutes beforehand, and try to relax the muscles of your face, mouth and neck. This will make you look relaxed, and will improve the quality  of your voice. Then remind yourself how well prepared you are, and enjoy it. Concentrate not on yourself or your notes, but on the audience and making clear to them what you have to say.

Part II Using Visual Aids, Handouts and Notes
Visual Aids If you are using an overhead projector, follow steps 1-4 below.
1.      Before your presentation check that the equipment works. Decide on the best place to stand, so that you do not obscure the view of the audience; decide where  to put transparencies before and after use; decide whether you will point at the transparency or at the screen ( or not at all).  
2.      If you point at the transparency, use a pen as a pointer. Detach the transparencies from their backing paper to make things easier during your presentation. Interleave them with plain paper.
3.      Number the transparencies in case you drop them.
If you are using power point data projection, follow step 1-6 below
1.      Check beforehand whether you should bring your presentation on diskette or CD or DVD. If you are bringing a computer, check on the type of connection required for the data projector.
2.      If possible, set up your presentation before your talk. This can take several minutes, even if all goes well
3.      Have a blanks slide at the start and end of your presentation. This makes your start and finish smooth.
4.      Power point has an excellent online tutorial and help system. Use it when you are preparing your presentation so that you can make full use of its facilities ( such us time monitoring, handouts, and notes).
5.      Don’t tempted, because of power point’s capabilities, to make your slides too ‘busy’. That will distract the audience’s attention.
6.      Even if you are giving your presentation in a well-equipped room, technology can go wrong. Print out your power point slides on to transparencies, so that you have an alternative.





Handouts,  Handouts are useful in three ways
1.      They show data that are too detailed for a visual aid, such us transcript data from interviews, or mathematical calculation. If there is a lot of detail, the points you want to refer to in your presentation should be clearly highlighted in the handout. The handout is given immediately before the presentation, and then referred to.
2.      They provide a ‘signposting’ framework to guide the audience through your talk. In this case, the handouts will be a note-frame, which is given out before the presentation. Don’t put too much into it, or the audience will read the handout instead of listening to you.
3.       They act as a record of your presentation, which the audience can take away. This could be either not frame or a fuller text. for this ‘record’ type of handout, it’s common practice to add you address and email address, so that people working in the same field can contact your later. Some presenters like to give out this type of handout at the end of their talk, so that the audience listens with full attention. Others give it out at the start, a support to listening.
Keep your handout short - one page if possible

Notes   Visual aids often provide sufficient support your presentation. If  you feel you need notes as well, remember that they will be more to cope with during the presentation; you will have to deal with the visual aids, the notes, and the audience.
1.      Cards A5 paper  are often recommended because they are neater in the hand than big pages. Make sure you number them clearly!
2.      A good alternative is to use photocopies of your visual aids, with notes written on them. It is then easier to coordinate your progress through notes and visual aids.
3.      Write very large and clear, with a plenty of space.
4.      Use colour, so that you can quickly locate key points or words.

D.    Language Used in Seminar
INTRODUCING TE TALK
I’d like to         talk about…
I’m going to     discuss…
I want to          tell you about…
What I’d like to do       is          to explain to you…
What I’m going to do  is          to describe…
What I want to do        is          to give an account of…
ORDERING POINTS (TIME ORDER)
To begin with              At the beginning                      At the start
Second(ly),                  Then    Next     After that
Finally,                        At the end
ORDERING POINTS (LISTING AND ADDING)
First(ly),                      Second(ly)                   Third(ly),
                                    A second reason          The third aspect
                                    Another point              Other factors
                                    Also                             In addition
                                    Last(ly)                        Finally

STARTING A NEW SECTION
Now
Moving on to               If we move on to          I’d like to move on to
Turning to                   If we turn to                 I’d like to turn to
What…?                      Why…? How…?         Which…?
TRANSITION
Having considered(X), let us now move on to(Y).
So these were our methods. What about our result?
CONTRASTING
But       However          Nevertheless,
On the other hand       By contrast
REFFERRING TO VISUAL AIDS
This slide (graph, chart) shows…
Here you can see         Here are          This is
DEFINING
By X we mean yy.        We call X yy.
X is defined as yy.        We can define X as yy.
REPHRASING
That is, In other words, To put it another way,
GIVING AN EXAMPLE
For example,               For instance,
Such as                        say,      like       including
To give you an exampke,                     An example of this is…
Let me give you an example.               Here is an example.
EMPHASISING
Actually           in fact              indeed
Importantly      surprisingly     interestingly
It is clear that              clearly             obviously
I’d like to underline     highlight          emphasise        stress
It’s important to bear in mind             keep in mind    remember
CONCLUDING A SECTION
So
CONCLUDING THE TALK
So        Finally,
To simmarise   Summing up    to conclude      In conclusion
I’d like to finish by saying…
I’d like to conclude now with a few remarks about…
ASKING QUESTIONS
GENERAL
Make clear:
·         that it’s a question       I have a question
·         what the topic is          …about assessment:
·         what the point is…     what’s the balance between exams and project?
INTRODUCING A QUESTION
I’ve got a question about…
Could I ask a question…?
Sorry, could I just ask…?
CLARIFICATION
Sorry, I didn’t follow what you said about…
What did you mean when you said…?
Could you give me an example of…?
MORE INFORMATION
I was interested in what you were saying about…
Could you tell us more about…?
Could you expand a bit on what you were saying about…?
CHECKING COMPREHENSION
So you mean…?
So you’re saying…?
Can I just check I’ve understood-did you say…?
Have I got this right:…?
RESPONDING TO ANSWERS
Yes, I see.
OK, thanks.
Thanks, that’s clear now.
That’s not really what I was asking. What I meant was…
OK, but what I really wanted to know was…
Sorry, I’m still not clear about…
Perhaps I didn’t make my question clear. What I was really asking was…
DEALING WITH QUESTIONS
ANSWERING DIRECTLY
Well, as I understand it…
If I’ve understood X correctly,…
Well, according to our results…
OK-I think I can answer that quite simply…
‘PLAYING FOR TIME’
Er, let me deal with those questions one at a time.
Your first question/point was about…
I’ll deal with your second question/point first, if I may.
DEADLING WITH AWKWARD QUESTIONS
I haven’t had time to look into that, sorry.
I really don’t know/I’m not (quite) sure/I’ve really no idea.
I’d need to think about that.
I’m not absolutely sure, but I’d guess that…
I don’t really have any experience of that, but X might like to comment?
I don’t think there’s enough evidence to say for sure.
I was just coming to that/I’ll come back to that in a minute, if that’s all right. I just wanted to…
That’s rather outside my field.
That isn’t really my field, but perhaps X could say something about…?
That’s an important question, but it’s really too complex to deal with now.
That’s really a whole different argument/discussion/topic.
There isn’t really time to go into that now/here.
I think we’re going off the point a little.
Well, I think you’d be wrong to assume that…
You seem to be assuming that…
Do I take it you don’t think/believe/accept…?


E.     Non-verbal Communication
More than half of your impact as a speaker depends upon your body language. Body language comprises posture, movement and gesture, facial expression, voice, and eye contact. These are all the more important when all eyes of an audience are upon you. When you are presenting, strong, positive body language becomes an essential tool in helping you build credibility, express your emotions, and connect with your listeners. It also helps your listeners focus more intently on you and what you're saying. 
Effective body language supports the message and projects a strong image of the presenter. Audiences respond best to presenters whose bodies are alive and energetic. Audiences appreciate movement when it is meaningful and supportive of the message. The most effective movements are ones that reflect the presenter's personal investment in the message. Presenters who care deeply about their material tend to use their entire bodies to support the message.

POSTURE    
a) Stand straight but not stiff
b) Balance your weight evenly on both feet
c) Standing well allows your diaphragm to move more easily to control your  breathing and
    voice production. So you feel better, sound better, and look better.

MOVEMENT AND GESTURE
a)      Too much movement is distracting; no movement at all is boring and    uncommunicative.
b)      Use movements and gestures to signal transition points or to stress points of importance.
c)      Avoid meaningless gestures and repetitive movements. Don’t wave your left hand about in circles or wave the pointer about. Use the pointer only when necessary, and with a firm movement. If you have a laser pointer, keep your hand close to your body when using it; don’t hold it at arm’s length like a gun
FACIAL EXPRESSION
a)      Your facial expression must match your message. If you claim something is interesting, look as if you find it so.
b)      Relax your facial muscles. If you look nervous, the audience will not be comfortable.
c)      In the 10 minutes before you start, make sure your tongue is relaxed and not raised tensely against the roof of your mouth. If you can discreetly yawn widely once or twice, this will help to relax your facial and throat muscles and to feel less tense.
VOICE          
a)      Speak a little louder than you think is necessary. Project your voice to the  back of room. Use your diaphragm to do this, not muscles of your throat. Keep the muscles of your throat and mouth relaxed. Otherwise your voice loses resonance and power, and is less pleasant to listen to.
b)      Speak a little more slowly than you normally do, especially if you feel nervous. This will help you sound and feel more confident. A useful rule-of-thumb is: the larger the audience, the more slowly you should speak.
c)      Use your voice as a communication tool. Vary the speed- speak more slowly in the introduction and the conclusion. Use stress for important points and contrasts. A short silence can also serve to emphasis a  point or a transition. All these techniques contribute greatly to making a presentation interesting to listen to.
EYE CONTACT
a)      Eye contact creates a relationship between the speaker and the audience. It encourages the audience to listen. It helps to relax the speaker. So look at people.
b)      Start and end with direct eye contact, looking round the whole audience. During the talk, don’t gaze over people’s heads or out of the window. look at your visual aids ( and notes if you have them) as much as is necessary, but don’t stare at them. Look at the audience as much as you can.
c)      Don’t look always at the same section of the audience or, even worse, at one ‘victim’. Don’t dart your eyes about quickly or sweep your gaze round like a searchlight. Focus on one person or group for 1-2 seconds; then look at another person or group, then another.


While we all want to believe that it's enough to be natural in front of a room, it isn't really natural to stand up alone in front of a group of people. It's an odd and unusual thing that creates stress, tension, and stomach troubles. Being natural won't cut it. We need to be bigger, more expressive, and more powerful. It takes extra effort and energy. It also takes skill and practice. With so much depending on communication and communication depending on body language, it's worth getting it right. Work on your body language-movement and gesture, posture, voice, eye contact and facial expression-to make the most of every speaking opportunity.

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